Nova Roma do Sul (a Portuguese name meaning New Rome of the South) is a municipality in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It had a population of 3,690 persons, as of 2008. It was first settled in 1880 by immigrant families of Polish, Russian and Swedish origins. In 1885, Italian immigrants arrived, mostly from Belluno, Treviso and Vicenza, in Veneto. The Italians named it Nova Roma do Sul in honor to the capital of Italy. During World War II, the town's name was changed to Guararapes, because Brazil broke off diplomatic relations with Italy, and it was prohibited to use names with references to the Axis Powers.