Pershing was a family of solid-fueled two-stage ballistic missiles designed and built by Martin Marietta to replace the PGM-11 Redstone missile as the United States Army's primary nuclear-capable theater-level weapon. Pershing later replaced the U.S. Air Force's MGM-13 Mace cruise missile. The Pershing systems were developed and fielded over 30 years from the first test version in 1960 through final elimination in 1991. The systems were managed by the U.S.