Pergamon or Pergamum (Greek: Πέργαμος, modern day Bergama in Turkey, (39°7′N27°11′E) was an ancient Greek city, in Mysia, north-western Anatolia, 16 miles from the Aegean Sea, located on a promontory on the north side of the river Caicus (modern day Bakırçay), that became an important kingdom during the Hellenistic period, under the Attalid dynasty, 281–133 BC.